斯庫諾交易號訴麥克法登案 請簡介一下具體情節 匿名使用者 1級 2010-12-21 回答

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斯庫諾交易號訴麥克法登案 請簡介一下具體情節 匿名使用者 1級 2010-12-21 回答

斯庫諾交易號訴麥克法登案”

(The Schooner Exchange v。 M‘Faddon, 11 U。S。 116 (1812)

1812年美國聯邦最高法院對“斯庫諾交易號訴麥克法登案”的判決,可以被認為是確立國家豁免原則的最重要的早期國內法院判例之一。聯邦最高法院首席法官馬歇爾在判決中指出了給予被告國家管轄豁免的基本理由,即“各國主權完全平等和絕對獨立,共同的利益促使他們互相交往並和平相交,由此產生某種情況,即:各主權國家放棄行使各自具有的一部分完全排他的屬地管轄權。

案情:

“交易號”原是一艘美國公民擁有的縱帆船。該船於1810年在公海上被法國軍隊拿捕,以後成為法國的一艘公船,取名“巴拉烏號”。在後來的一次航行中,由於天氣惡劣,該船被迫進入美國賓夕法尼亞州費城港。於是該船的原所有人在聯邦地區法院提起訴訟,要求法院將原“交易號”判歸他們。該船沒有派人出庭應訴,但賓州檢察官代表美國政府到庭陳述意見,認為該船即便是從原告手中非法沒收的,其所有權也已於沒收當時轉屬法國皇帝,因此請求法院駁回原告起訴並釋放該船。地區法院駁回了原告的請求。原告上訴到聯邦巡迴法院,巡迴法院否定了地區法院的判決。賓州檢察官遂上訴至聯邦最高法院。

判決及依據:

聯邦最高法院於1812年作出判決,撤銷了巡迴法院的判決,並確認了地區法院的判決。

最高法院首席法官馬歇爾在其製作的判詞中指出:

一國在其領土內的管轄權是排他的和絕對的,但它可以自我加以限制。這種類似於主權象徵的完全的和絕對的管轄權並不要求將外國主權者和他們的統治權利作為其管轄權的客體。一個主權者在任何方面都不從屬於另一個主權者,他負有不把自己或其主權權利置於另一主權者管轄之下,從而貶損其國家的尊嚴的最高義務。

主權者的這種完全平等和絕對的獨立,以及促進他們相互交往和彼此通好的共同利益引起了這樣一個結果:每個主權者都被認為放棄行使其完全排他的領土管轄權的一部分,而這種管轄權一直被視為是獨立國家的特徵。首先,主權者被允許享有在另一國領土內不受逮捕或拘留的豁免;其次,同樣的原則也適用於外國大臣;再次,一國主權者在允許外國軍隊透過其領土時,放棄其領土管轄權的一部分。

在本法院看來,作為一項公法原則,外國軍艦進入對它們開放的港口,應被視為經友好國家的同意而免受其管轄。支援這種觀點的證據來源於一國司法權無力強制執行這類案件的判決;來源於一國君主的權力足以對另一國君主所為的非法行為進行報復的考慮。

如果上述論據是正確的,那麼“巴拉烏號”作為一艘為與美國處於和平狀態的外國君主服務的軍艦,依據允許外國軍艦進入友好國家港口的一般原則,進入了對它開放的美國港口,必須認為是得到了進入美國領土的默示許可,如果它以友好的方式行事,應該享受管轄的豁免。

The Schooner Exchange v。 McFaddon

Supreme Court of the United States

11 U。S。 116 (1812)

Facts

Material Facts: The schooner Balaou was allegedly seized on the high seas in 1810 by military forces acting on the behalf of the French government。 A libel suit was subsequently brought against the Exchange by two American citizens (including McFaddon) who claimed that they owned and were entitled to possession of the ship。 In response to this, the French ship now named Balaou, having been forced to enter the port of Philadelphia due to bad weather, was prevented from leaving by the process of the court。 The US Attorney for Pennsylvania appeared on behalf of the US government to argue for the release of the Balaou on the grounds that since the United States and France were at peace, the property of the Schooner Exchange, however wrongfully acquired, had passed to Napoleon, the emperor of France。 The US Attorney thus requested that the libel be dismissed with costs and the vessel released。

Legal Facts: The District Court for the District of Pennsylvania dismissed the libel。 The Circuit Court reversed this decision。 The US Attorney appealed the decision to the US Supreme Court。

Issues

Particular Issues: At stake in this particular case is the issue of entitlement of ownership and compensation for seized property。 Should the owners of the Schooner Exchange get their schooner back or receive compensation for their loss, or does France get to keep its stolen treasure? Should the case before the Supreme Court be dismissed and the Balaou released from the Philadelphia port?

General Issues: At stake in general in this case is the issue of whether or not the French government is subject to the jurisdiction of a United States court。 The Exchange was a public ship, and therefore “constitutes a part of the military force of her nation; [and] acts under the immediate and direct command of the sovereign (145)。 The question then is whether or not the Schooner Exchange can claim immunity from judicial jurisdiction in this case。

Decision

The Supreme Court decided that the Exchange was indeed exempt from the jurisdiction of the Pennsylvania courts。 It ordered that the judgment of the Circuit Court be reversed and the judgment of the District Court, dismissing the libel, be affirmed。

Reasoning

Controlling legal principles/authorities: The controlling legal principle upheld in this case was the ‘absolute theory of sovereign immunity。’ This doctrine is premised on the notion that a state’s immunity is the natural consequence of its sovereignty, and that no state can exert its authority over another。 This “perfect equality and absolute independence of sovereigns” (138) has created over time the need for states to ‘waive’ a portion of their territorial jurisdiction in order to satisfy the greater good inherent in sovereign immunity。 States thus have a mutual interest and obligation under international law to respect this status of foreign sovereigns。 The desire for reciprocity demands that this concept be obeyed by all states。 Stemming from this absolute theory of sovereign immunity are international norms that prevent, among other things, states and sovereign agents of states from being sued in foreign courts。

Reasoning employed in application to this case: The basic reasoning employed in this case centers around the international legal status of the Exchange itself。 The Court makes a clear distinction between public ships and private ships。 It argues that public ships are in a legal sense international ‘agents’ or ‘extensions’ of a sovereign government, and must receive the same immunity that is granted to the government itself。 It goes on to describe how public vessels are granted an ‘implied license’ when they enter a friendly port of a foreign state, and that this license contains an “exemption from the jurisdiction of the sovereign,” in this case the United States Government。 During peacetime, the ports of friendly nations “are considered open to the public ships of all powers” (142), and thus the Exchange entered the port of Philadelphia believing that this ‘implied promise’ would be upheld。 Making reference to customary international law, the Court notes that: “certainly in practice, nations have not yet asserted their jurisdiction over the public armed ships of a foreign sovereign” (145)。 Therefore, there is no reason to believe that the Exchange is any different in this respect。

Comments

This case exemplifies the problems associated with taking an extreme or absolute position on a legal concept。 Surely one has to objectively see that the owners of the Exchange were swindled out of their property by an abstract legality that had nothing directly to do with them。 From a purely ‘right or wrong’ perspective, it does seem unfair that their property could be taken with impunity。 Should the ‘greater good’ of sovereign immunity overshadow their claims? Sovereign immunity does indeed have a necessary and important function in international law, but as a legal concept it should not be adhered to dogmatically or absolutely。 The ‘restrictive’ or ‘relative’ interpretations of the doctrine applied in latter years are a good step toward achieving a broader sense of fairness in its usage。

Facts

Material Facts: 縱帆船Balaou被指控在公海上抓住由軍方作用於1810年代表法國政府。誹謗,向該行提出適合隨後交易(包括兩名美國公民McFaddon)誰聲稱自己擁有和被允許可以擁有這艘船。針對這一點,法國貨船現在命名,有Balaou被迫進港的日子,因為壞天氣,是無法離開法庭的過程。美國律師對賓夕法尼亞州出現代表美國政府爭論釋放Balaou為由,由於美國和法國和平安,帆船的財產,但獲得,錯誤交換,過了拿破崙,法國的皇帝。美國律師因此要求誹謗被解僱成本,增強艦艇釋放。

Legal Facts:區域法院駁回了賓西法尼亞地區誹謗。逆轉巡迴法院決定。美國律師上訴決定美國最高法院。

Issues

Particular Issues: 商業利益,這一特殊案例的問題就是權利的所有權和賠償抓住了財產。帆船的主人應該交換得到他們的帆船背部或得到補償,因為他們都不在了,還是為了使法國奪回偷來的寶藏呢?應該書案前最高法院駁回Balaou釋放,從費城港?

General Issues: 商業利益,一般在這種情況下的問題是法國政府是否受到美國管轄法院。本次交流會公共船,因此,“構成的一部分;她的祖國軍事力量的行為[和]在直接和直接指揮的主權(一百四十五)。問題於是就是不管帆船交易所可以免除司法管轄權要求在這種情況下。

Decision

美國最高法院裁定,交流的確是免除賓州法院管轄。最高法院命令巡迴法院的審判被逆轉,判斷撤銷地區法院誹謗,認定其證明力。

Reasoning

Controlling legal principles/authorities: 控制的法律原則支援在這個案例中是“絕對主權immunity。理論的一種以主義是一種狀態抵抗力,主權的自然結果,沒有國家能夠發揮其管轄那。這種“完全平等和絕對獨立的“義(138)已建立了隨時間過去,需要國家的放棄”他們的部分領土範圍內以滿足固有的更美好的主權豁免權。國家就會有較共同利益和義務尊重國際法的外國義的這種狀態。渴望互惠要求這個概念為全美國被服從。出於這個絕對主權理論是國際上的規範,防止免疫,在其他事情上、州和主權的代理人被起訴了各州在外國法院。

Reasoning employed in application to this case:基本推理用於這種情況下圍繞國際法律地位的交流本身。法院做出的明顯的區分公共船隻和私人的船隻。它認為公共船在法律意義上國際的代理”或“延伸的一個獨立的政府,必須得到同樣的免疫力,被授予政府本身。它繼續描述公共血管授予“暗含的授權的時候他們進入一個友好外國政府港,這種執照包含一個”管轄豁免主”,在這種情況下,美國政府。在和平時期友好國家港口”被認為是對公眾開放所有力量的船隻”(142),因此該交易所進入港口相信“費城”就是隱含承諾支援。通用國際法參照,法院指出:“當然,在實踐中,國家還沒有維護其管轄範圍內的船隻在公眾武裝外國至上”(一百四十五)。因此,這裡沒有理由相信這樣的交換是在這方面有什麼不同。

Comments

這個案例透過例證服用的問題或絕對位置極端的法律概念。肯定是有客觀地看到,業主的交流是從他們的財產騙,由抽象合法性沒有直接給他們做。從純的正確或錯誤的處理,看來不公平的他們的財產可以被帶到而不受懲罰。如果“大良好”的至尊免疫遮蔽他們的觀點。主權豁免確實有必要和重要的作用,但是在國際法律的法律概念不應該堅持武斷地或絕對的。“限制”或“的相關的解釋應用於後期學說是一種很好的一步廣義實現公平它的用法。