翻譯之前的話:最近關於晶片,光刻機各種名詞不斷的出現,大家對於晶片也越來越關心,於是我出於好奇也想了解下晶片是如何被製造出來的。最終找到了這篇文章,既嚴謹又科普又有直觀的配圖,所以翻譯了下發出來,但是因為有不少專業詞彙,怕翻譯的不準確,所以就把原文放上來了,可以對比看。

對於這篇文章看個大概,能對製作過程有個基本認識,我覺得就可以了

1. 準備工作(initial stages)

Enter Sand, Man

放入沙子

We’re pretty sure that most computer enthusiasts are aware that CPUs are made from silicon。 Far fewer are likely to realize exactly how much work goes into making what is effectively a wonder of the modern world。 Processors are made on a mind bogglingly small scale to withstand huge tolerances, with even the cheapest chips requiring hundreds of manufacturing stages to get from wafer to motherboard。

我們確信大多數計算機愛好者都知道CPU是由矽製成的。但很少有人能確切地意識到要創造一個現代世界的奇蹟需要多少工作。處理器的製造尺度非常小,而且能夠承受巨大的公差(譯者注:尺寸公差簡稱公差,是指最大極限尺寸減最小極限尺寸之差的絕對值,或上偏差減下偏差之差。它是容許尺寸的變動量),即使是最便宜的晶片,也需要數百個製造階段才能從晶圓到主機板。

Manufacturers are also under pressure to improve production methods and reduce transistor size, with different companies approaching the problem in different ways。 Intel helped us put this guide together, and as a result it focuses on its implementation of the 32nm High-K manufacturing process。 Other manufacturers, such as Global Foundries or TSMC, use subtly different methods to produce its chips。

製造商也面臨著改進生產方法和減小電晶體尺寸的壓力,不同的公司以不同的方式來解決這個問題。Intel幫助我們將本指南整合在一起,因此它將重點放在32nm High-K製造過程的實施上。其他製造商,如格芯( Global Foundries)或臺積電,使用微妙的不同方法來生產其晶片。

手把手教你製作 CPU 晶片系列之一:準備工作

Left: Its got a long way to go from here。圖:長途跋涉來到這裡的沙子

手把手教你製作 CPU 晶片系列之一:準備工作

Right: It&;#39;s important to make the silicon ingot a single, join-less piece。 圖:重要的是要使矽錠成為一個沒有縫隙的整體。

Amazingly, after oxygen, silicon is the most plentiful element in the earth’s crust。 It’s not just lying around in electronics-grade lumps though, and needs to be extracted from sand, where it resides in the form of silicon dioxide (SiO2)。

令人驚訝的是,經過氧化後,矽元素是地殼中最豐富的元素。 矽元素在沙子中以​的形式存在, 它不是躺在電子級的塊狀物中,而是需要提取出來的。

Once the silicon has been purified to the required degree (something in the region of 99。9999999 per cent pure), it‘s formed into a single contiguous 100kg ingot of silicon。 The ingot can then be sliced into individual 1mm thick disks, called wafers, which should be recognizable to most tech junkies。

一旦矽被提純到需要的程度(99。9999999%純度的區域),它就會被鑄成一個整體的100公斤矽錠。然後,矽錠被切割成1毫米厚的單個圓盤,稱為晶圓,這應該是大多數技術愛好者都能認出來的。

手把手教你製作 CPU 晶片系列之一:準備工作

Left: These ingots weigh up to 100kg and are around 12 inches in diameter。

左圖:這些錠重100公斤,直徑約12英寸。

手把手教你製作 CPU 晶片系列之一:準備工作

Right: The wafers have to be precisely the right thickness。

右圖:晶片的厚度必須精確。

The wafers are then polished to a flawless mirror finish ready for the next stage of the process。 Interestingly, CPU manufacturers are not normally responsible for these initial stages, instead buying ready cut and polished wafers from third-party silicon producers。

然後將晶圓拋光至無瑕疵的鏡面光潔度,為下一階段的工藝做好準備。有趣的是,CPU製造商通常不負責這些初始階段,而是從第三方矽生產商那裡購買現成的切割和拋光晶圓。

手把手教你製作 CPU 晶片系列之一:準備工作

*Left: The cut and polished silicon wafer all ready to be made into a few hundred processors。 *

左圖:切割和拋光的矽晶片都準備好製造成幾百個處理器。

手把手教你製作 CPU 晶片系列之一:準備工作

Right: You can just see the patterned sheen of the photo resist。

右圖:你可以看到光致抗蝕劑的圖案光澤。

Now the complex business of creating something capable of playing

Crysis

and rendering video begins in earnest。 The wafer is covered in a strategically pattered layer of photo resist, which acts like a stencil for when the wafer is bombarded with high powered beams of charged atoms called ions。

現在,製作能夠播放“孤島危機”和渲染影片的複雜業務開始正式進行。晶圓表面覆蓋著一層戰略性圖案的光刻膠,當晶圓被稱為離子的高能帶電原子束轟擊時,這些圖案就像是一個模板。

手把手教你製作 CPU 晶片系列之一:準備工作

Left: Beam me up Scotty。。。 or just embed me with trillions of charged ions。

左:用數萬億計的帶電離子轟擊

手把手教你製作 CPU 晶片系列之一:準備工作

Right: The electrical conductivity of certain parts of the wafer has now been changed。

右:晶圓的某些部分的導電性現在已經改變了。

The ions embed themselves in the exposed parts of the silicon, in a process called ion implantation or doping, leading to a change in the conductive properties of that part of the wafer。 The photo resist is then removed, leaving behind a complex pattern of conductive and non conductive traces on the silicon wafer。

這些離子以離子注入或摻雜的方式嵌入矽的外露部分,導致該部分晶片的導電效能發生變化。然後去除光阻劑,在矽片上留下複雜的導電和非導電痕跡。

原文連結:

https://

bit-tech。net/reviews/te

ch/cpus/how-to-make-a-cpu-from-sand-to-shelf/1/

手把手教你製作 CPU 晶片系列之一:準備工作

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